WebRTC

Infobip's webRTC offers a new era of seamless communication with a robust suite of SDKs and APIs designed to empower audio and video interactions in real-time.

Developers can leverage the flexibility of Infobip's native mobile SDKs for JavaScript, Android, and iOS, which are adept for building both standalone applications and those combined with backend services through the Calls API for advanced functionality. With the exceptions of conferencing and recording, most of the Infobip add-ons harness their full potential only when webRTC is used in conjunction with a customer application developed on the Calls API platform. This combination unlocks powerful capabilities, enhancing user experiences with features like media streaming, speech synthesis, and recognition interactions, or advanced conference participants control.

Call Link simplifies the integration of WebRTC technology into business operations, enabling voice and video communication. It's particularly beneficial for companies looking to integrate WebRTC into their workflows without the complexity of integrating the entire webRTC technology stack. Through the Infobip web interface or API, businesses can generate a short URL that, when clicked by the end user, opens a browser window and establishes a connection to a predefined destination. Call Link can also be used to create instant meeting rooms that multiple participants can join over the same shared link. Additionally, businesses can brand the browser window with customized elements like text, colors, and logos. While the Call Link can be fully managed through API integration, it's also user-friendly for business users via the Infobip web interface, which allows for easy creation and configuration.

In summary, you can use WebRTC as:

• Embedded technology in your web or mobile application - WebRTC is implemented in applications using the RTC SDKs.
• Easy link to share with end users - Infobip Call Link makes it easy to share links over email, messaging, or websites for users to get instantly connected to your support agents without the need for you to create an end-user application.
• Embedded technology in Conversations, our Contact Center as a Service solution - you do not need to care about SDKs, webRTC is part of the web interface used by Conversations agents.

WebRTC supports multiple connectivity scenarios:

Number of parties	Connection scenario	Example use case	What you will need
Single-party calls	Web (or mobile app) to application and vice-versa	IVR served over webRTC; voice messaging to webRTC users	Combined use of webRTC SDK and  Calls API
2-party calls	Web (or mobile app) to web (or mobile app)	One to one call between 2 individuals, such as an end user with a support agent	- WebRTC SDKor- Call Link with webRTC SDK
	Web (or mobile app) to phone	End user calls a business phone number found on that business' website	- WebRTC SDKor- Call Link, setting phone destination
	Phone to web (or mobile app)	End user calls a business number, where the call gets redirected to a webRTC user	Combined use of webRTC SDK and  Calls API
Multi-party calls	Only with webRTC users, joining the same webRTC Room	Conference calling	WebRTC SDK (Rooms methods)or-Call Link with ROOM destination
	Only with webRTC users, with finer-grained control over participants	Advanced conference calling	Combined use of webRTC SDK and  Calls API
	webRTC users connecting with other types of endpoints (phone, SIP, etc.)	Crisis centers, advanced conference calling, and call centers with offsite experts joining	Combined use of webRTC SDK and  Calls API

WebRTC calls and Rooms can be recorded. Recordings are available as an add-on. Contact your dedicated Account Manager to set it up. Learn more about Recording.

Features

Supported features depending on platform

The table below depicts the webRTC SDK features available on different supported platforms.

	JavaScript SDK			Android SDK	iOS SDK
	Desktop	Android	iOS
Call phone number	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓
Call webRTC endpoint	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓
Call application (Calls API)	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓
Join conference (Room)	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓
Receive call	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓
Reconnects
ROOM calls	Automatic	Automatic	Automatic	Automatic	Automatic
APPLICATION calls	By your backend application	By your backend application	By your backend application	By your backend application	By your backend application
Receive call notification (wake up webRTC app on incoming call)	x	x	x	✓	✓
Audio and Video input/output
Select devices prior to the call	✓	✓	✓	x	x
Switch devices during the call	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓
Control audio
Mute/unmute	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓
Switch speaker/earphone(s)	x	x	x	✓	✓
Choose audio quality	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓
Background noise suppression	✓  (Safari not supported)	x	x	x	x
Control video
Start/stop video feed	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓
Switch front/back camera	x	x	x	✓	✓
Start/stop screen share	✓	x	x	✓	iOS allows screen sharing only when the app using the webRTC SDK is running in front.
Screen capture	✓	✓	✓	x	x
Frame rate control	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓
Background blur	✓  with JS Extension library	✓  with JS Extension library Performance on mobile varies depending on hardware	✓  with JS Extension library Performance on mobile varies depending on hardware	x	x
Face tracking	✓  with JS Extension library Performance on mobile varies depending on hardware	✓  with JS Extension library Performance on mobile varies depending on hardware	✓  with JS Extension library Performance on mobile varies depending on hardware	✓	✓
Data channels	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓
Network events	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓

Network events

Inform your end users about network quality or networking issues during their WebRTC calls. Offer a better user experience using our network quality events feature.

If network problems occur during a call between two users, the platform will inform the user experiencing this issue that their network is too slow to support a high-quality call.

At the same time, the other user will be informed about their peer's network quality issues, so they are aware the problem lies on the other side of the call.

Depending on the platform where you'll incorporate this feature, see the Network quality section on the wiki of our RTC SDKs:

• JavaScript SDK for browsers (opens in a new tab)
• iOS SDK (opens in a new tab)
• Android SDK (opens in a new tab)

Record WebRTC calls

You can record video and audio calls with WebRTC calls. Recording is available as an add-on so please contact your dedicated Account Manager if you need this feature.

Recordings for webRTC are controlled by the combination of three elements:

1. The recording preferences you set under Channels and Numbers > Channels> Voice and WebRTC > Recording. You can choose no recording, audio only, and audio + video. You can also choose to enable recording composition, in which case you will receive one single mixed media file for one-to-one and Rooms recordings. Preparing the downloadable version of composed recordings might take some time depending on the load on our platform.

2. The optional recording preference you set in the webRTC token for your users. Recording options can be DISABLED, ALWAYS or ON_DEMAND.

   • DISABLED: Recording is not performed, even if the settings are set to record.
   • ALWAYS: Ignores whatever settings are defined in the callOptions SDK methods, and use the main recording setting from the web interface.
   • ON_DEMAND: Uses whatever recording options you define in the callOptions SDK methods.

3. The recording setting applied at call creation time with the SDK calling methods, when using callOptions*.*

The outcome of the combination of these three elements is depicted in the table below:

Account setting	Token	SDK callOption	Outcome of the recording
NO RECORDING	UNDEFINED	UNDEFINED	NO RECORDING
NO RECORDING	UNDEFINED	AUDIO	NO RECORDING
NO RECORDING	UNDEFINED	AUDIO_AND_VIDEO	NO RECORDING
NO RECORDING	DISABLED	UNDEFINED	NO RECORDING
NO RECORDING	DISABLED	AUDIO	NO RECORDING
NO RECORDING	DISABLED	AUDIO_AND_VIDEO	NO RECORDING
NO RECORDING	ON_DEMAND	UNDEFINED	NO RECORDING
NO RECORDING	ON_DEMAND	AUDIO	NO RECORDING
NO RECORDING	ON_DEMAND	AUDIO_AND_VIDEO	NO RECORDING
NO RECORDING	ALWAYS	UNDEFINED	NO RECORDING
NO RECORDING	ALWAYS	AUDIO	NO RECORDING
NO RECORDING	ALWAYS	AUDIO_AND_VIDEO	NO RECORDING
AUDIO	UNDEFINED	UNDEFINED	AUDIO
AUDIO	UNDEFINED	AUDIO	AUDIO
AUDIO	UNDEFINED	AUDIO_AND_VIDEO	AUDIO
AUDIO	DISABLED	UNDEFINED	NO RECORDING
AUDIO	DISABLED	AUDIO	NO RECORDING
AUDIO	DISABLED	AUDIO_AND_VIDEO	NO RECORDING
AUDIO	ON_DEMAND	UNDEFINED	NO RECORDING
AUDIO	ON_DEMAND	AUDIO	AUDIO
AUDIO	ON_DEMAND	AUDIO_AND_VIDEO	AUDIO
AUDIO	ALWAYS	UNDEFINED	AUDIO
AUDIO	ALWAYS	AUDIO	AUDIO
AUDIO	ALWAYS	AUDIO_AND_VIDEO	AUDIO
AUDIO_AND_VIDEO	UNDEFINED	UNDEFINED	AUDIO_AND_VIDEO
AUDIO_AND_VIDEO	UNDEFINED	AUDIO	AUDIO_AND_VIDEO
AUDIO_AND_VIDEO	UNDEFINED	AUDIO_AND_VIDEO	AUDIO_AND_VIDEO
AUDIO_AND_VIDEO	DISABLED	UNDEFINED	NO RECORDING
AUDIO_AND_VIDEO	DISABLED	AUDIO	NO RECORDING
AUDIO_AND_VIDEO	DISABLED	AUDIO_AND_VIDEO	NO RECORDING
AUDIO_AND_VIDEO	ON_DEMAND	UNDEFINED	NO RECORDING
AUDIO_AND_VIDEO	ON_DEMAND	AUDIO	AUDIO
AUDIO_AND_VIDEO	ON_DEMAND	AUDIO_AND_VIDEO	AUDIO_AND_VIDEO
AUDIO_AND_VIDEO	ALWAYS	UNDEFINED	AUDIO_AND_VIDEO
AUDIO_AND_VIDEO	ALWAYS	AUDIO	AUDIO_AND_VIDEO
AUDIO_AND_VIDEO	ALWAYS	AUDIO_AND_VIDEO	AUDIO_AND_VIDEO

From a webRTC token recording option point of view, if at least one webRTC participant has their token resulting in triggering the recording, all participants will be recorded even if one of the participant's token has the recording option to DISABLED.

After the recorded audio or video call has ended, recorded files are available to you. You can search, download and/or delete them over API (opens in a new tab) or over the web interface (opens in a new tab). Single-party webRTC calls (that is, between webRTC user and application, such as Calls API application) are listed under Calls recording, whereas you can find two parties and multi-party calls under Conference recordings.

Screen capture

The JavaScript SDK allows to expose a screen capture facility to end users. Two modes of operation are available for WebRTC Screen Capture:

• Client side: when a capture is triggered, the resulting image file is directly downloaded in the browser session to the end user's device
• Server side: when a capture is triggered, the resulting image file is uploaded to our servers. Listing and retrieving screen capture images is performed by API with the webRTC file methods (opens in a new tab).

With our server side screen capture, you can ensure that the end capture can trigger this function while ensuring privacy and security - in case for instance where your user or agent needs to capture ID cards, passports or credit cards while preventing this user from storing this files locally on his own workstation.

The capture is always performed on a single designated video stream.

Screen captured files that are stored on our server are part of computing your recording storage charges.

Data channels

Our SDKs offer a powerful data channel feature that empowers developers to create custom data transfer solutions within their WebRTC-based applications. With this versatile tool, developers can design and implement a wide range of features such as chat, whiteboarding, or file transfer, tailored to their unique needs. The data channel serves as the foundation for seamless real-time communication, enabling the exchange of arbitrary data between users. It's important to note that while our SDKs provide the fundamental building blocks for these functionalities, we do not offer pre-packaged solutions for chat, whiteboarding, or file transfer out-of-the-box. Instead, we provide developers with the tools and flexibility they need to craft their own tailored solutions, putting full creative control in their hands to create exceptional user experiences.

A chat showcase is implemented in our webRTC demo application when performing ROOM calls.

WebRTC endpoint broadcast

With the integration of the data channel in our webRTC SDK, there are methods within the Calls API's conferences (opens in a new tab) and dialogs (opens in a new tab) to facilitate text broadcasts from a backend application to all webRTC endpoints involved in a specific conference or dialog. This feature enables you to relay important information, alerts, or notifications to all participants in real-time, more effifciently.

In the WebRTC SDKs, a new event has been implemented to alert your webRTC-based application about incoming broadcasts. This event provides comprehensive details about the broadcast content, allowing your application to handle or display this information seamlessly. This feature is only applicable when you are using webRTC SDKs together with the Calls API platform.

Technical requirements

Here are the technical details you need to know before you start using WebRTC.

Bandwidth requirements

The approximate data rate for each stream of WebRTC:

Audio only		50 Kbps
Low-resolution video	240x180	180 Kbps
SD video	640x480	600 Kbps
HD video	1280x720	1500+ Kbps

Codecs

Audio	Video
OPUS, PCM	VP8, H.264

Platform compatibility

For supported Android versions, see the supported list (opens in a new tab).

For supported iOS versions, see iOS system requirements (opens in a new tab).

For supported browsers and OS, see browser compatibility list (opens in a new tab).

Get started with RTC SDK

To start using WebRTC, you need to have an Infobip account and WebRTC enabled as a service on that account. Log in or create an account (opens in a new tab) to continue.

WebRTC is enabled by default for all self-sign-up customers. In case you have a managed account and wish to start using any webRTC service, reach out to your dedicated Account Manager or contact our Sales (opens in a new tab) team.

Next, follow these steps:

1. Declare your application, define, and associate your mobile push configurations.
2. Set up SDKs for your application project.

Declare a webRTC application

If you intend to integrate our webRTC SDKs into mobile applications (iOS/Android) and your mobile users are expected to receive inbound calls over webRTC, you need to declare the push notification configurations for these mobile operating systems. These configurations will be used to wake up your webRTC-based mobile application on new inbound calls.

This application creation and webRTC push configuration declaration are NOT required if:

• You plan to use only our JavaScript SDK.
• Your mobile users (with our mobile RTC SDK) will only place outbound calls and are not expected to receive inbound calls.

Android push notifications rely on Google Firebase Cloud Messaging (FCM), wheras iOS requires APNS certificates.

You can only perform the declaration of push notification channels over API. These are the steps you need to take in this instance:

1. Create a new application container using the Infobip platform application methods (opens in a new tab).
2. Create webRTC push configuration resources using the webRTC push configuration API methods (opens in a new tab), specifying the applicationId from step 1. Our system will automatically create the resource association with your newly defined application. You can update these resource associations manually via the Resource associated methods under Application and entity management (opens in a new tab).

Set up the RTC SDK

You can find our (web) RTC SDK on Infobip GitHub (opens in a new tab), and the following repositories are available:

• infobip-rtc-js: The JavaScript RTC SDK
• infobip-rtc-extensions-js: Extensions for the JavaScript SDK - mainly local audio and video filters
• infobip-rtc-ios: The native iOS SDK
• infobip-rtc-android: The native Android SDK

Each repository includes usage and guidelines on its main readme page and associated wiki.

Showcase and demo

A developer showcase of our SDKs is available on Infobip GitHub (opens in a new tab): Infobip-rtc-showcase. This repository implements a basic application demonstrating how to place and receive calls. It supports JavaScript with angular/jquery/angular, iOS, and Android.

A webRTC demo application is available as a web (opens in a new tab), iOS (opens in a new tab), and Android (opens in a new tab) application. Use your Infobip web interface credentials to log into these applications.

Call link

The call link feature enables efficient support scenario implementations without the need to be physically present in the same room. Call link allows end users to be connected with a predefined destination without the need to develop an end-user application.

You can have a video or audio chat with your end users in just a few clicks. From the Infobip web interface or with a simple API call, you generate a short URL that you share with your end users over messaging sessions, emails, or even on your website. Once the end user clicks this URL, a browser window opens and connects the end user to the predetermined destination. This browser window can be branded by leveraging templates that include elements such as text messages, colors, and logos to be displayed on the web page.

Supported destinations

When you create a link to share with the end user, you need to predefine the destination that will be contacted once the end user starts the call.

The following destinations are available:

Destination type	Description
WebRTC	The identity of a webRTC user to whom this call should be routed. This means that you have implemented an application (web or mobile) making use of our webRTC SDK where this webRTC identity can be reached. Note that your webRTC-based application must be based on our RTC SDK 2.0 or above. We do not support the Call link interaction with our RTC SDK 1.x. The link allows connecting only one caller to the predefined destination at a time.
Phone	The destination phone number that will be called and bridged to the Call link user.When using this destination, you can enable the dialPad option in the Call Link configuration callOption section. This enables the availability of a dial panel during the call with which the end user can interact with DTMF-based systems, such as IVRs.
Room	The conference room name where all users who click the generated link will be connected.Rooms can optionally be password protected by a user-defined password.A chat feature can be enabled in the Call Link configuration to create links to ROOM.
Conversations	The call will be routed to Conversations. By default, this inbound call to Conversations will follow the defined routing and waiting strategies to direct the call to an available agent.
Application	The call with be routed to your own application based on our Calls API platform. Your application can use Calls API methods to answer this incoming call and bring it in any communication flow you implemented.

Call link domain and subdomains

All generated call links are created by default under the domain name "call-link.com". A call link looks like this: "https://call-link.com/r9wpIY (opens in a new tab)".

You may request up to a maximum of three subdomains for Call Link, such as "support.call-link.com", "sales.call-link.com", "mycompany.call-link.com". Subdomains can be requested and managed from the Infobip web interface or via API. Subdomain's availability when requesting for a new one can't be guaranteed.

To use a subdomain when generating call links:

1. Request a Call Link subdomain via the Infobip web interface (Call Link application, under the WebRTC channel application (opens in a new tab))
2. Create a Call Link configuration and include the subdomain ID in that configuration
3. Any call link that is generated based on that configuration will be generated under the associated subdomain

Supported webRTC features

The following webRTC features are available to the Call link end user based on features enabled from the Call link configuration:

	JavaScript SDK
	Desktop	Android	iOS
Control audio
Mute/unmute	✓	✓	✓
Control video
Start/stop video feed	✓	✓	✓
Switch front/back camera	x	✓	✓
Start/stop screen share	✓	x	x
Background blur	✓	Performance varies depending on hardware	Performance varies depending on hardware

Managing Call link configurations

Before generating shareable links, we strongly advise you to create at least one Call link configuration. Configurations can be created on the Infobip web interface under the webRTC channel application (opens in a new tab) or using the Call link configuration API methods (opens in a new tab). In case you do not create any Call link configuration, a default system one is used.

You can use the following elements to configure the call link:

• InitialOptions
  These are the options available to the end user when they open the call link page right after initiating the call. Here you can define whether all calls generated using this configuration can use audio and video, as well as which preferences would be activated for the camera (front/back) on mobile devices.
• CallOptions
  The options that the end user has during the active call, such as the ability to switch cameras, mute/unmute themselves or start a screen-sharing session.
• Theme
  You can also define your own branding, that is, how the webpage will look to the end user.
  A theme consists of the following types of elements: - Images: The image that you use as a logo in the top left corner of the Call link, plus a background image for the whole window. These 2 elements are optional, and the default icon and background are applied if you do not add your own. You must use the Call link images API method to upload these images. When you upload an image, the request returns an id for that file, which is the reference used in the theming definition of your Call link configuration. - Messages: The text shown to the end user when they open the Call link URL. You can define 3 different messages and these are presented based on the status of the link (active, inactive, or expired). See the following ''Generate a Call link'' section for more information about allowed time windows and one-time usage. - The inactiveText is shown to the end user when they click on the link. The link is considered inactive because the allowed startTime is not reached yet, thus the end user cannot start the call. - The expirationText is shown when the call link has expired, either because it is a one-time link that has already been used or because the allowed endTime has already passed. - Colors: Whether you choose to use a background image or not, you may also state your preferred color for various elements in the UI. - Layout: The layout that should be applied when the Call Link session starts. When multiple layouts are defined, the first one in the list is activated at call start and the others are selectable by the end user from Settings. If one layout is specified, only that layout is available, and the end user cannot change it. If this option is skipped while creating the configuration, the standard grid layout applies and the end user cannot choose any other. - Localization: Select the language in which system messages from Call Link should be shown on the Call Link user interface. - If not specified, the default language is English. - If set to PRESET, a language can be defined out of a choice of 14, and that language will be applied for system messages. - If set to BROWSER_DETECT, we will detect the language setting of the user’s browser and if it is one of the 14 supported, this language will be used. If this is not part of the 14 languages we support, the default English language will be used.
• Webhook: You can ask the system to send you a status event to your designated webhook once a Call Link has been used. The status event reports information about the connected parties such as connection time and connection duration, and identifiers of recordings, in case the session was recorded. See the Call Link Webhook reference (opens in a new tab) for a complete definition of the status event.

The following illustration provides guidance on the configurations. Colors are defined as hexadecimal values

Default Call link configuration

You can set a default call link configuration, which means that this specific configuration is used when generating a call link URL when no specific configuration is defined. Note that you can set only one default configuration. Usually, the first configuration you created is considered the default.

Subdomains

If you don't specify any specific subdomain during the creation of a Call Link Configuration, all Call Links generated out of this configuration will be under the main domain "call-link.com".

To leverage the ability to generate links under your desired subdomain, refer to the section "Call link domain and subdomains" above.

Generate a Call link

A call link URL can be created from the Infobip web interface under the webRTC channel application (opens in a new tab) or via API with the related Call links methods (opens in a new tab).

When generating a new call link URL over API, you have to specify:

• The webRTC identity and display name(ie. full human-readable name) for the end user who will use the call link.
  • This identity does not need to be declared in advance with the webRTC token generation method, the call link platform will create this token for you. By defining this, you ensure that whoever is receiving this call (Conversations agent, or your webRTC user in your webRTC application) is able to correctly recognize and identify the calling party.
  • If you omit these values, the end user will have to fill in his name before the call can be started. This is especially recommended when using ROOM as the destination type.
  • When defining these values, and in particular the identity, you may additionally ask the system to hide the display name from the landing page so your end user can enjoy a cleaner user interface.
• The destination type and associated characteristics.
• The validity window for the generated URL. Here you can define whether this generated call link can only be used once, or multiple times. You can also define a start and end date/time between which this link can be used, as well as valid days and time slots within that validity period.
  For one-time usage, note that: - The usage counts from the moment that a call has effectively started. Opening the received URL without starting the call does not count as usage. - The one-time parameter does not apply when the destination is set to ROOM.
• The *call link configuration *that you wish to use to create the link.

You can omit the specification of a validity window when creating a new Call Link URL, in which case:

• the created link is immediately active
• the created link will automatically expire 24 hours after its creation time.

Display name override

When the destination of the link is either WEBRTC, CONVERSATIONS or PHONE, you have the ability to define a display name (ie. name of the correspondent as shown in the Call Link UI of the end user) that must override the defined destination name. This feature can be useful is scenarios where you want to enhance the privacy of the correspondent or give it a less technical name. For instance:

• with PHONE destination, by default the phone number of the called party will be shown as participant name to the Call Link UI end user. For privacy reason, you may prefer to hide this phone number or show an alternate name, such as "John Doe"
• with WEBRTC destination, by default the technical identity (as defined when creating the webRTC token for that user) will be shown as participant name to the Call Link UI end user. You may prefer to display a more generic name to the end user, such as "Company XYZ Contact Center".

Understanding the video layouts

In the Call Link configuration, you can define the different layouts to be applied.

Call Link user interface layouts

In the Call Link user interface, you can apply different types of layout to the video feeds, participant icons, and screen sharing. The Call Link end user can be offered the ability to switch between layouts (such as GRID and SOLO) using the Device Settings, if this has been defined in the Call Link configuration. It is not possible to switch to SPOTLIGHT layout.

Layout	Description
GRID	The video grid layout tries to fit as many call participants on the screen. Participants with an active camera are placed in the top rows of the grid, as well as participants who have recently talked.Participants tend to keep their position in the grid so as little reordering as possible occurs. Typically a maximum of four camera streams are displayed to the end user in the grid layout, even if more participants would have enabled their camera.When the Call Link end user is on a desktop computer, around 20 participants can fit in to the layout, depending on the screen width. If the number of participants can't form a perfect rectangular N x M grid, the bottom rows will have more elements in it.A call between two participants when the destination is PHONE will always use the grid layout.
SPOTLIGHT	The grid layout will switch to a spotlight layout when: A participant shares his screen A participant is selected by the Call Link end user to be in spotlight The spotlight view sets a larger view on the top for the screen sharing session or the highlighted participant, and the bottom row includes up to five participants.
SOLO	In the solo layout, the Call Link end user only sees their video feed, without seeing other participants' videos or icons. This layout is ideal for scenarios where a customer connects to an agent using video only, such as showing an appliance or during KYC and customer onboarding processes where the customer needs to display their ID/passport via video.When screen sharing during the Call Link session: If the end user is sharing his screen, this will replace his video camera feed If a remote user is sharing his screen, this will replace the user's video camera feed.

Enabling layouts in the Call Link Configuration

To define the available layouts offered or enforced to the end user, use the theme element of a Call Link configuration.

If you define only one layout, this layout applies from the start of the session and cannot be modified by the end user. If you define several layouts, the first specified layout is applied at the start of the session and the end user can change the layout by selecting it from the Device Settings window.